The savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small American sparrow. It is the only widely accepted member of the genusPasserculus. Comparison of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 sequences indicates that the Ipswich sparrow, formerly usually considered a valid species (as Passerculus princeps), is a well-marked subspecies of the Savannah sparrow, whereas the southwestern large-billed sparrow should be recognized as a distinct species (Passerculus rostratus).[2]
The common name comes from Savannah, Georgia, where one of the first specimens of this bird was collected.
Distribution
This passerine bird breeds in Alaska, Canada, northern, central and Pacific coastal United States, Mexico and Guatemala. The Pacific and Mexican breeders are resident, but other populations are migratory, wintering from the southern United States across Central America and the Caribbean to northern South America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.[3]
Description
This species has a typically sparrow-like
dark-streaked brown back, and whitish underparts with brown or blackish
breast and flank streaking. It has whitish crown and supercilium stripes, sometimes with some yellow (more often near the beak). The cheeks are brown and the throat white. The flight feathers are
blackish-brown with light brown or white border. The eyes are dark. The
feet and legs are horn-colored, as is the lower part of the bill, with
the upper part being dark grey.[3]
The Savannah sparrow is a very variable species, with numerous subspecies,
several of which have been split as separate species at various times.
The different forms vary principally in the darkness of the plumage. The
variation generally follows Gloger's rule,
with Alaskan and interior races the palest, and southwestern coastal
forms the darkest. There are some exceptions, though, most conspicuously
in some island populations that presumably were strongly affected by founder effects.
The general pattern of variation has a fairly clear divide, southwest
of which the birds become notably darker; this agrees quite well with
the limit between P. sandwichensis and P. (s.) rostratus.[2][3]Savannah
sparrows show some variation in size across subspecies. The total
length can range from 11 to 17 cm (4.3 to 6.7 in), wingspan ranges from
18 to 25 cm (7.1 to 9.8 in) and body mass from 15 to 29 g (0.53 to
1.02 oz).[4][5] In the nominate subspecies, the body weight averages 20.1 g (0.71 oz).[6]
The Savannah sparrows proper (see below)
are very similar, and migrant birds can not usually be related to a
breeding population with certainty. The resident or partially migratory
subspecies are well distinguishable by size and, particularly between
groups, coloration.[3]
Behavior
Systematics These birds forage on the ground or in low bushes; particularly in winter they are also found in grazed low-growth grassland. They mainly eat seeds, but also eat insects in the breeding season. They are typically encountered as pairs or family groups in the breeding season, and assemble in flocks for the winter migration. The flight call is a thin seep.[3] Sensu lato, the Savannah sparrow is considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][3][7] The song is mixture of chirps and trills.
Seventeen subspecies (including the large-billed sparrows) are currently
recognized, though many are only described from wintering birds and
much of the variation seems to be clinal. Four additional subspecies are no longer generally accepted. The complex is usually divided into several groups:
Savannah sparrows proper
All are migratory; wintering ranges overlap widely.
- P. s. labradorius, breeds in Newfoundland, Labrador, and N Quebec
- P. s. oblitus, breeds in north Ontario and Manitoba
- P. s. savanna (eastern Savannah sparrow), breeds in the northeast US and adjacent Canada (includes P. s. mediogriseus)
- P. s. sandwichensis (Aleutian Savannah sparrow), breeds on the Aleutian Islands and west Alaskan Peninsula
- P. s. anthinus, breeds in the remainder of Alaska, south and east to central British Columbia and north of the Great Plains to Manitoba
- P. s. brooksi (dwarf Savannah sparrow), breeds in southernmost British Columbia to northernmost California
- P. s. alaudinus, breeds in coastal northern and central California
- P. s. nevadensis, breeds in the northern Great Plains and the Great Basin
- P. s. brunnescens, breeds from central Mexico south to Guatemala (includes P. s. rufofuscus)
P. s. wetmorei is a doubtful subspecies that may breed in the
mountains of Guatemala. It is known from only five specimens, collected
June 11–17, 1897, in Huehuetenango Department.[citation needed]
Ipswich sparrow[edit]
Some post-breeding dispersal. Formerly considered a distinct species.[2]
- P. s. princeps, breeds almost exclusively on Sable Island
- The Ipswich sparrow is somewhat larger and paler in color than other eastern Savannah sparrows. The breast streaks are narrower and pale brown. Some birds overwinter on the island; others migrate south along the Atlantic coast, usually departing later and returning sooner than mainland birds. Some birds interbreed with P. s. savanna in Nova Scotia. These birds frequently raise three broods in a year. This bird was first observed in winter on the dunes near the town of Ipswich, Massachusetts.
Large-billed sparrows
The large-billed sparrows proper are two dark, large and strong-billed subspecies:
- Passerculus rostratus/sandwichensis rostratus, which breed on the Gulf Coast of northeast Baja California and northwest Sonora (some post-breeding dispersal).
- P. r./s. atratus, resident on the coast of central Sonora to central Sinaloa (resident)
The Belding's (Savannah/large-billed) sparrows are all-year residents of salt marshes of the Californian Pacific coast. They are dark, rufous, and have rather long but not very hefty bills.
- P. r./s. beldingi, resident on the Pacific coast from Morro Bay, California, to El Rosario, Baja California (includes P. r./s. bryanti)
- P. r./s. anulus, resident around Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, Baja California
- P. r./s. guttatus, resident around San Ignacio Lagoon
- P. r./s. magdalenae, resident around Magdalena Bay
The San Benito (Savannah/large-billed) sparrow is a resident bird of the Islas San Benito off Baja California; a stray bird was observed on Cedros Island on April 21, 1906.[8]
- P. r./s. sanctorum
- This is a large-bodied and large-billed subspecies, similar to rostratus. They utilize different habitat and their breeding season does not seem to coincide[notes 1] with that of Belding's sparrows. However, their bill size is due to convergent evolution and their habitat choice simply to the lack of alternatives on their barren island home; altogether, it appears to be a fairly recent offshoot from the Belding's sparrows group. It appears as distinct evolutionarily from these as does the Ipswich sparrow from the Savannah sparrow proper group, only that there seems to have been more gene flow and/or a larger founder population in the case of the latter.
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